Parkinson’s disease

Abstract 

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative condition affecting patients in the UK after Alzheimer’s disease. It is broadly classified as a ‘movement disorder’ with a variety of clinical features, including bradykinesia, rigidity and tremor. Traditional focus has fallen on the treatment of ‘motor’ complications such as tremor and mobility problems although these features are only a small part of the clinical phenotype. In reality, PD is better defined as a multisystem neurodegenerative disorder causing a large number of motor and non-motor complications, and both aspects will be covered in this update. Diagnosis remains largely clinical and there are many potential pitfalls for the unwary clinician. Successful treatment relies heavily on a multidisciplinary approach with introduction of pharmacological therapy in a gradual, incremental and monitored setting. In the absence of disease-modifying agents, therapy remains symptomatic and complications increase as time progresses. Many of the most disabling complications are non-motor, and management of advanced PD is both complex and challenging.

Keywords: basal ganglia, bradykinesia, dementia, dopamine, dyskinesia, extrapyramidal, non-motor symptoms, Parkinson’s disease, tremor